Sumerian Cuneiform Tablet

Sumerian cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. First appearing in the 4th millennium BC in what is now Iraq, it was dubbed cuneiform (‘wedge- shaped’) because of the distinctive wedge form of the letters, created by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay. Early Sumerian writings were essentially pictograms, which became simplified in the early and mid 3rd millennium BC to a series of strokes, along with a commensurate reduction in the number of discrete signs used (from c.1500 to 600). The script system had a very long life and was used by the Sumerians as well as numerous later groups – notably the Assyrians, Elamites, Akkadians and Hittites – for around three thousand years. Certain signs and phonetic standards live on in modern languages of the Middle and Far East, but the writing system is essentially extinct. It was therefore cause for great excitement when the ‘code’ of ancient cuneiform was cracked by a group of English, French and German Assyriologists and philologists in the mid 19th century AD. This opened up a vital source of information about these ancient groups that could not have been obtained in any other way.

Cuneiform was used on monuments dedicated to heroic – and usually royal – individuals, but perhaps its most important function was that of record keeping. The palace-based society at Ur and other large urban centres was accompanied by a remarkably complex and multifaceted bureaucracy, which was run by professional administrators and a priestly class, all of whom were answerable to central court control. Most of what we know about the way the culture was run and administered comes from cuneiform tablets, which record the everyday running of the temple and palace complexes in minute detail, as in the present case. The Barakat Gallery has secured the services of Professor Lambert (University of Birmingham), a renowned expert in the decipherment and translation of cuneiform, to examine and process the information on these tablets. The following is a transcription of his analysis of this tablet:

‘This is an administrative document from the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur, dated only by the month, but c. 2040-2020 B.C. It is a list of boots assigned to named persons, and a rare and important document for its kind. One word, erina, cannot yet be translated with any assurance, so it is left untranslated.

Translation

1 pair of street boots: Ur-Shaga, cook, 1 Ur- Shu-Sinaka, 1 Abilumma. 1 pair of erina boots: Girini-isha, 1 ir-nanna, 1 Erra-qarrad, 1 Lu-Ishtaran, 1 Mamma’ish-tikal, 1 Nin- baragesi, 1 Kinana, 1 E’eda, 1 Mamma- dannat, 1 Baba-nuri, 1 Zi-mudagal, 1 Amma. 1 pair of small erina boots: Ahushuni, 1 Kudanum, 1 Shat-Shulgi, 1 Shat-Ea, 1 Shat- ….. 1 Geme-Nanna, 1 Nin-hedu, 1 Mamma- Sharrat, 1 Ashgi-nirgal. 1 pir of small, nice boots. 1 pair of small erina boots: Shat- ……… Total: 3 pairs of street boots. Total: 12 pairs of erina boots. Total: 1 pair of nice small boots. Total: 10 pairs of small erina boots. A disbursement: month of Kirsi’ak.

This is a record from a government bureaucracy, the leather boots being handed out as payment or reward for services. The names beginning Shat- and Geme- are certainly women’s names, and those beginning Ur- and Lu- are certainly men’s names, also Ahushuni is a man’s name, but many names are ambiguous as to gender of their holders.’